The hydraulic characteristics of Roman lead water pipes: An experimental investigation

An experimental investigation was conducted on two lengths of Roman lead water pipe excavated near Corbridge, Northumberland, England. The pipes date from approximately AD 80. One length contained a sleeve joint. were linked to pump system using 3 D-printed connectors, and the hydraulic head loss along measured. without joint used determine value for wall roughness height, fitting results Darcy-Weisbach equation. height obtained assumed apply with joint, additional observed then be due allowing determination local coefficient. have sinter encrustation, indicating that they had typically flowed partially full. Using this as an indication depth deriving topographical information excavation report, likely flow carried during their operational life estimated. It concluded coefficient ks 0.9 mm, 1.159, operation probably around 17 litres/minute.